Life of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Rocket Science Pioneer

Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky (September 17, 1857 –  September 19, 1935) was a scientist, mathematician, and theoretician whose work became the basis for the development of rocket science in the Soviet Union. During his lifetime, he speculated about the possibility of sending people into space. Inspired by science fiction writer Jules Verne and his stories of space travel,  Tsiolkovsky became known as the father of rocket science and dynamics whose work directly led to his countrys involvement in the space race. Early Years Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September 17, 1857 in Ishevskoye, Russia. His parents were Polish; they raised  17 children in the harsh environment of Siberia. They recognized the young Konstantins great interest in science, even as he suffered an attack of scarlet fever at the age of 10. This illness took away his hearing, and his formal schooling came to an end for a while, although he continued to learn by reading at home. Eventually, Tsiolkovsky was able to gain enough education to start college in Moscow. He finished his education and qualified to become a teacher, working in a school in a town called Borovsk. That is where he married Varvara Sokolova. Together, they raised two children, Ignaty and Lyubov. He spent much of his life living in Kaluga, a small village near Moscow. Developing the Principles of Rocketry Tsiokovsky began his development of rocketry by considering philosophical principles of flight. Over the course of his career, he ultimately wrote more than 400 papers on that and related subjects. His first works began in the late 1800s when he wrote a paper called Theory of Gases. In it, he examined the kinetics of gases, and then went on to study the theories of flight, aerodynamics, and the technical requirements for airships and other vehicles. Tsiokovsky continued exploring a variety of flight issues, and in 1903, he published The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. His calculations for achieving orbit, along with designs for rocket craft set the stage for later developments. He focused on specifics of rocket flight, and his rocket equation related the change in velocity for a rocket to the effective exhaust velocity (that is, how fast the rocket goes per unit of fuel it consumes). This came to be known as the specific impulse. It also takes into account the mass of the rocket at the beginning of launch and its mass when the launch is finished. He went on to work on solving problems in rocket flight, focusing on the role of rocket fuel in lofting a vehicle to space. He published the second part to his earlier work, where he discussed the effort a rocket must expend to overcome the force of gravity. Tsiolkovsky stopped working on astronautics prior to World War I and spent the post-war years teaching mathematics. He was honored for his earlier work on astronautics by the newly formed Soviet government, which supplied backing for his continued research. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky died in 1935 and all his papers became the property of the Soviet state. For a while, they remained a closely guarded state secret. Nonetheless, his work influenced a generation of rocket scientists around the world. Tsiolkovskys Legacy In addition to his theoretical work, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky developed aerodynamics test systems and studied the mechanics of flight. His papers covered aspects of dirigible design and flight, as well as the development of powered airplanes with light fuselages. Thanks to his deep research into principles of rocket flight, he has long been considered the father of rocket science and dynamics. Ideas based on his work informed later achievements by such well-known Soviet rocket experts as Sergei Korolev  Ã¢â‚¬â€ an aircraft designer who became the chief rocket engineer for the Soviet Unions space efforts. The rocket engineer designer Valentin Glushko was also a follower of his work, and later in the early 20th century,  German rocket expert Hermann Oberth was influenced by his research. Tsiolkovsky is also often cited as the developer of astronautic theory. This body of work deals with the physics of navigation in space. To develop that, he carefully considered the types of masses that could be delivered to space, the conditions they would face in orbit, and how both rockets and astronauts would survive in the conditions of low Earth orbit. Without his painstaking research and writing, its quite likely that modern aeronautics and astronautics would not have advanced as fast as it did. Along with Hermann Oberth and Robert H. Goddard, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is considered one of the three fathers of modern rocketry. Honors and Recognition Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was honored during his lifetime by the Soviet government, which elected him to the Socialist Academy in 1913. A monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow contains a statue of him. A crater on the Moon is named for him, and among other more modern honors, there was a Google Doodle created to honor his legacy. He was also honored on a commemorative coin in 1987. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Fast Facts Full Name: Konstantin  Eduoardovich TsiolkovskyOccupation: Researcher and theorist  Born: Sept. 17, 1857 in  Izhevskoye, Russian EmpireParents: Eduoard Tsiolkovsky, mother: name not knownDied: September 19, 1935 in  Kaluka, Former Soviet UnionEducation: self-educated, became a teacher; attended college in Moscow.Key Publications: Investigations of Outer Space by Rocket Devices  (1911), Aims of Astronauts (1914)Spouses Name: Varvara SokolovaChildren: Ignaty (son); Lyubov (daughter)Research Area: Principles of aeronautics and astronautics Sources Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky.† NASA, NASA, 5 June 2013, www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html.European Space Agency, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. ESA, 22 October 2004, http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Exploration/Konstantin_TsiolkovskyPetersen, C.C. Space Exploration: Past, Present, Future. Amberley Books, England, 2017.

The Aftershocks Of Oppression Historical Determinism

The Aftershocks of Oppression: Historical Determinism in Writing In his seminal essay, â€Å"The Muse of History,† Derek Walcott argues for the rejection of history as a â€Å"creative or culpable force† in narrative fiction. Walcott proposes that protagonists should â€Å"[walk] in a world without monuments and ruins,† unencumbered by the vestiges of the past. His perspective on the role of history in prose is decidedly anti-determinist, and he maintains that good prose should not be driven by the past. Walcott asserts that writing should not be constrained by history. However, in â€Å"Let Them Call it Jazz† by Jean Rhys and â€Å"You Can’t Get Lost in Cape Town† by Zoe Wicomb, â€Å"there is no escape from history.† The past digs its long claws into the flesh of†¦show more content†¦The legal system works against the narrator, and the police â€Å"pretend [she] never have any [savings].† When she comes to the police with her complaint, they trip her up with their questioning, and she is unable to convince them that she has been robbed. However, when the police question the narrator’s white, British, landlady, she—referring to the narrator’s ethnic background—tells them, â€Å"these people [are] terrible liars.† The police take the landlady’s statement at face value, but do not pay the same regard to the narrator’s statement. The power dynamics and stereotypes at play bias the police against the narrator because she is black, foreign, and poor. The narrator herself recognizes the one-sidedness of the legal system, saying, â€Å"All I can say about police and how they behave is I think it all depend who they dealing with.† The narrator is not â€Å"Eveian† woman, and she is not infallible; nevertheless, the way in which the legal system treats the narrator, reveals the inherent prejudice of the system. It is not until the narrator accepts her subordinate role within the power structure that things seem to turn around for her—she is freed from jail, gets a new room to live in, and the job she wanted, altering ladies’ dresses. The narrator is â€Å"not frightened of them any more†¦[she knows] what to say and everything go like a clock works,† but in losing the ability to express her opinion, she accepts her status as a second-class citizen with

Business Statistics Employee Customer Chain

Question: Describe about the Business Statistics for Employee Customer Chain. Answer: Section 1: Introduction: The dataset in this assignment consists of the data about the survey in a gym. The gym mentioned in this report has proposed a change. The reaction of the customers regarding the change is to be analyzed in this report. The opinion about the change proposed in the gym many vary according o the customers. The change that is being proposed may work well for one group of customer while the change may not be liked by the other group. For example, the female group may be attracted by a discount offered in the gym while the discount may not work well for the male customers. In this dataset, the information about the type of exercise performed, the height, weight, physical fitness of the customers is being obtained. The data has been analyzed using various statistical techniques. The change that is to be proposed has to be determined on the basis of the results of data analysis. A survey has been conducted among the customers to know whether the customers are in favor of the proposed change or not. The data has been analyzed using various techniques such as testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals. The report will give an idea about the success of the proposed change. Section 2: According to Wu Shih (2014), the customer loyalty is a very important factor in the function of a gym. The customer loyalty is driven by many factors such as the quality of service, machineries in the gym and others. According to Makover (2016), a study has been conducted to know about the factors affecting customer satisfaction in the gym. The study has been conducted among the fitness clubs located in South Florida. The customer satisfaction that is customer loyalty, brand loyalty and others are driven by thee service and quality provided in the fitness centers. Therefore, it is recommended that the customer satisfaction should be ensured in a gym to improve the business of the gym. Section 3: The customer satisfaction can be ensured with the help of the service provided in the gym. The service provided in the gym can be explored with the help of the change in the body mass index of the customers and the number of minutes spent in the weighing exercise. The following scatter diagram has been obtained for the two variables. Figure: Scatter diagram Source: Created by author The scatter diagram given above has been obtained by plotting the time spent by the customers in a weighing machine and the body mass index of the customers. The body mass index of the customer is a measurement of body fitness. The body mass index is measured by the weight of the person divided by the height of the person. The regular exercise is expected to reduce the Body mass index of the people. Therefore, the Body mass index is expected to have a negative relationship with the time spent in weighing machine. The co efficient of regression analysis will help to know about the relationship between the two variables. The regression line obtained in this case is: y = -1.106*x + 48.84 +e. The value of the regression co efficient obtained is -1.106. Therefore, it can be said that the model is not very good fitted. However, the model shows that there is a negative relationship between the body mass index and the time spent on weighing machine. A regression analysis has been conducted taking the B.MI as the dependent variable and the time spent on weighing machine as the independent variable. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.191417 R Square 0.03664 Adjusted R Square 0.02681 Standard Error 2.816598 Observations 100 Table 1: Adjusted R-squared values of regression analysis (Source: Created by author) ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 29.56975 29.56975 3.727329 0.056419 Residual 98 777.4562 7.933226 Total 99 807.0259 Table 2: ANOVA of regression analysis (Source: Created by author) Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 26.68483 0.444478 60.03638 4.22E-79 25.80278 27.56689 25.80278 27.56689 Q12: Minutes on weight machine. -0.03311 0.017149 -1.93063 0.056419 -0.06714 0.000923 -0.06714 0.000923 Table 3: Regression analysis of B. M. I and time spent on weighing machine (Source: Created by author) The results of regression analysis show that the time spent on weighing machine has an inverse relation with the B.M.I. A test has been conducted to know whether the regression co efficient is significantly different from zero or not. The single sample t-test has been conducted for the purpose. The objective of the test is to see if the regression co efficient is significantly different from zero or not. The p-value of the test obtained is more than 0.05 for the slope. Therefore, the regression co efficient has a significant effect on the dependent variable. The regression co efficient is significantly different from zero. Therefore, one can say that as the value of B. M. I increases, the value of time spent in weighing machine decreases. There is an inverse relation between the two. The mean and variance of the two variables are given in the following table: MEASURES B . M. I Q12: Minutes on weight machine. MEAN 26.021 20.05 STANDATD DEVIATION 2.855132 16.50673 Table 4: Mean and variance of B. M. I and time spent on weighing machine (Source: Created by author) Section 4: Managerial advice: The quality of weighing exercise in the gym is very poor. The results of regression analysis show that. It has been pointed out that customer satisfaction is one of the main reasons driving the change in the business of the gym. The condition of physical exercise needs to be improved. The gym can employ better trainer to bring about the proposed change. The efficient trainer can bring about betterment of physical exercise in the gym. Section 5: A survey has been conducted among the gym customers to know about the proportion of people who are in favor of the proposed change. The survey has been conducted by taking a sample of one thousand customers. The survey has been conducted by taking the help of sampling method. The aim of doing so is to save the time and labor in conducting the study. The customers were asked if they liked the proposed change or not. It has been found that out of a total of one thousand customers, a total of 892 customers are in favor of the proposed change. This means that majority of the customers likes the proposed change. A t-test has been conducted to see if the number of people who are in support of the change is greater than .5 or not. The null hypothesis of the test is H0: p= 0.5 and the alternative hypothesis is H1: p 0.5. The term p denotes the proportion of people who are in favor of the change. The alternative hypothesis indicates that the proportion of people can be greater than or less t han 0.5. The value of the proportion has been calculated to be 0.892 which is much greater than 0.5. The test statistic is : t = (p 0.5)/S.E(p) The term S.E (p) denotes the standard error of the proportion. The formula for the calculation of standard error is: E (p) = sqrt(p(1-p)/n). The value of standard error that has been calculated on the basis of the given sample is 0.31038. The value of the test statistic is 1.2629. The test statistic is said to follow a standard normal distribution as the value of the sample is very large. The value of the t statistic has been calculated to be 1.645 at 10 % significance level. Therefore, the null hypothesis of the test is accepted as the p-value is greater than given level of significance 10 percent. A confidence interval has been calculated for the proportion of people as well. The confidence interval has been calculated by the following formula: I = ( p 1.645* S.E (p) , p + 1.645 * S.E (p)) The confidence interval has been calculated to be (0.31038032, 1.402575). This implies that the value of the proportion is expected to lie within this interval. Section 7: Conclusion and recommendation: The report gives an idea about the customer service in a gym. The gym has proposed a new change to bring about the efficiency in the customers. A new fitness trainer has been introduced in the gym. The study suggest that majority of customers are in support of the proposed change. The recommendations that follow from the test are: Therefore, it is recommended from the study that the gym should bring about the proposed change to increase its customers. With the help of the proposed change, the gym can increase customer satisfaction and increase customer loyalty. The customers has also voted in favor of the change. The fitted regression model is not very good as is explained by the adjusted R-squared. This may be due to the insufficient sample or improper sampling techniques. Therefore, a proper sample should be used for the study. References: Makover, B. (2016). Examining the employee-customer chain in the fitness industry. Polyakova, O., Mirza, M. T. (2016). Service quality models in the context of the fitness industry.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal,6(3). Wu, L. C., Shih, I. (2014). The product development process of an enterprise from an SSME perspective.Service Business,8(1), 29-50.

Layoff in the public sector Trends Paper

Introduction The global economic environment is currently experiencing instability and is becoming weaker and weaker. This has forced many businesses across the divide to take drastic measures to cut down the cost, such as restructuring their operations and reducing their workforce (Cascio, 2005, p.40).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Layoff in the public sector Trends Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, these decisions are becoming very difficult for the employers since they have to justify their actions to the labor organizations and the court. Regrettably, these actions have led to court tussle between employers and employees who feel they were unfairly selected (Wagar, 2001, p.852). Terminations of employee’s contract or layoffs as part of company downsizing policy have generally caused employment discrimination claims. These claims characteristically have always stem from the protecte d group of workers, for instance disabled employees, minorities, older employees among others, who have been affected by these decisions (Cascio, 2005, p.41). Additionally, employee’s contract terminations have also resulted into retaliatory acts such as legal actions. On other occasions, get laid off for participating in legal activities such as complaining of harassment, poor working conditions, and request for accommodations among others (Gibson, Hurd Wagar, 2004, p.892). Layoffs originally started as an avenue for companies which were doing bad to shed of some of their employees in the face of weak demand, but today companies which are trying to increase shareholders value have adopted this strategy. Wagar, (2001) defined layoffs as a permanent reduction of employees in an effort to enhance company’s efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, layoff is part of downsizing which is a process involving the reduction of staff’s complement through streamlining, re trenchment, re-engineering among other activities. Most public sector organizations always rush to stuff layoff as a quick solution to their financial problems. Therefore, the top management must scrutinize all other factors before deciding to layoff workers (Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.12; Wagar, 2001, p.852). Economic justification of layoffs has always been cost reduction and increase of revenues. Introduction of new technologies also influences staff reduction when redundancies is aimed at enhancing output per unit input or reduction of cost of production.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Change in consumers’ tastes and preferences impacts on staff reduction especially when the company cannot sustain product lines. Briefly, all factors that affect company’s demand have significant impact on the employees (Gibson, Hurd Wagar, 2004, p.892). Legal environmen t for layoffs The public sector is an incredibly large employer, considering the many government institutions, entities and agencies. The legal rights of the employees acts as the moderation on the employers not to abuse their discretion of disciplining and firing employees at will. Heads of government entities and supervisors are also employees and therefore, together with the junior employees have legitimate bases for their rights in the constitution (Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.13). However, the government can limit or influence exercise of constitutional rights by the employees through several ways. First, they can regulate employee’s activities. Secondly, the can punish employees who do not adhere to the statutes or organizational rules. Lastly, government can prohibit/ bar the exercise of the claimed employee rights. On the other hand, both government as an employer and the employees have legitimate interests thus have to protect the needs of each other. Employees’ ha ve interests in job security and promotions, as well as freedom of expression and privacy. Government’s interest is in the services they offer and the interest of the taxpayers (Gibson, Hurd Wagar, 2004, p.893). Workers Adjustment and Restraining Notification Act, 29 is the section of the US constitution that protects the workers against unfair dismissal. It requires public and private sector to give advance notice (sixty days notice) to workers prior to mass layoff or close down (Cooper, 2007, p.3). The workers representative usually delivers the notice to the employees. If there is no representative, a state entity designated to carry out the rapid response activity under section 2864 of the act becomes responsible. If there is not such state entity, a unit of local government, which the employer pays the highest taxes, will carry out the duty (Cooper, 2007, p.3; Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.12).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Layoff in the public se ctor Trends Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The law also protects workers against dismissal or layoff because of practicing their rights. These rights include freedom of speech such as criticizing the administration, demand for better terms of employment, promotions, among others. However, the constitution also acknowledges the need for balance between the employee’s rights and the wellbeing of the public sector organizations. Therefore, if the employer can demonstrate that by exercising his/her rights deliberately the employee caused damage to the organization or state entity, the constitution does not protect the employee. The constitution on the other hand provides more protection to the employees who comment on matters political, social or concerning community (Gibson, Hurd Wagar, 2004, p.892; Cooper, 2007, p.3). Unfair Act of Discretion by employers in the public sector Employers control key major operations in a w orkplace such as wage rates, production, layoff, termination and hiring. They normally use their control to undermine workers rights to collective representation and to choose a representative. In other occasions, the management usually uses their powers to destabilize or neutralize the workers representative. Another unfair act of discretion in public sector layoff is the discrimination with regard to race, ethnic background, politics, religion, gender, disability among others. (Cascio, 2005, p.41). Despite of the law protecting workers against victimization because of exercising their rights, some employers in the public sector take upon themselves to terminate the contracts of such employees given the opportunity. In such scenario, employees get punished for not cooperating with the administration (Wagar, 2001, p.855). There are cases where employees have been laid off because they participated on go slow or to demand better terms of employment or because of welfare issues. Top m anagement in the public sector always uses employees’ layoff as a quick solution to the problems that they have created, for instance losses due to their inefficiency, corruption and poor management (Wagar, 2001, p.855-856). Shortcomings and solutions Staff layoff in most cases results in reduced motivational levels among those who those who have survived layoff and those who have been send packing. Therefore, management wishing to enhance productivity through downsizing may end up achieving the opposite results because of lack of motivation among the employees (Cascio, 2005, p.43).Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Decision to downsize may also weaken the already good reputation of the company, thus can affect its trading in the stock market resulting into low share values (Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.12). Layoffs inevitably results in workers loss to the competitors mainly in the private sector who benefits from their skills and experience (Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.13). In this case, the government do not benefit fully from the expenses incurred training these employees. Training is very important in organizational change and innovation. Therefore, layoff denies public sector the little changes it may have realized due to loss of innovators. Even though layoffs at time are necessary, generally they do the public sector more harm than good (Zyglidopoulos, 2004, p.12-13; Cascio, 2005, p.44). Public sector can realized its objectives without necessarily reducing the number of employees in organizations. For instance, companies that strive to increase their income may opt to improving its revenues rathe r than reducing labor cost. This can be realized through increased sales and value addition on its products and services, thus capturing a new market segment. On the other side, the costs associated with layoffs may still be witnesses even if the company did make cuts on the employees. For instance, low workers turnover will persist unless the organization improves on the working condition (Cooper, 2007, p.4; Cascio, 2005, p.44). Conclusion Justification for public sector layoff have been based on increased profitability, enhanced productivity, streamlined structure, and improved strategic position. However, studies have shown that all the above benefits are functions of numerous factors that may not essentially be staff layoff. Amongst these factors are skill level of the staff, teamwork and unity, level of technology used, staff morale among others. Workers layoffs alone cannot guarantee increased productivity. Most public sector organizations always rush to stuff layoff as a quic k solution to their financial problems. Therefore, the top management must scrutinize all other factors before deciding to layoff workers. Last but not the least, public sector organizations should enact policies that protect workers from any form discrimination and allows them to exercise their rights without victimization. References Cascio, W.F. (2005). Strategies for Responsible Downsizing. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4), 39-50. Cooper, P.J. (2007). Public Law and Public Administration (fourth Ed.).NY: Thomas-Wadsworth ISBN-10: 0495007552. Gibson, A., Hurd, F. Wagar, P. (2004). Voluntary Restructuring of Large firms in response to performance decline. Journal of finance, 47(3), 891-917. Wagar, T.H. (2001). Consequences of workforce reduction: Some employer and union evidence. Journal of labor research, 22, 851-862. Zyglidopoulos, S.C. (2004). The impact of downsizing on corporate reputation for social performance. Journal of public Affairs, 4(1), 11-25. This assessment on Layoff in the public sector Trends Paper was written and submitted by user Hindsight Lad to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Tropic Of Cancer

Tropic Of Cancer Henry Miller was born in New York on December 26, 1891. He moved to Paris on March 4, 1930 to become a successful writer. His work, †Tropic Of Cancer†, is probably one of the most unique, bizarre, and hilarious novels ever written in the history, and it is considered his premier work. In this autobiographical story, he portrayed his life in Paris, talked about whores he slept with, and spoke ill of his friends. He used a tremendous number of sexual, racial, and obscene expressions in the story. His writing style was distinct from that of other well-educated authors in that it was just like street talk. Because of theses explicit sexual expressions, this book was banned in all English-speaking countries until 1961. What was he trying to tell us through the two hundred eighty six pages of *censored*? As the readers flip the pages, they will find the following deep meanings behind the story: 1) he railed against the old conformity and tried to start the sexual revolution, 2) he condemned materialism and taught us the meaning of happiness, and 3) he portrayed the importance of time and its transience. By explicitly portraying his sex life, Henry Miller rebelled against the old conformity and attempted to make a change in people’s phobic attitude towards sex. Although ancient Romans or Greeks had considered human sexuality as an art, the majority of the world had become allergic to these kinds of expressions after the fall of the civilizations. At the beginning of the 20th century, some artists and authors began expressing human sexuality in their works. Henry Miller was one of them. In spite of artistic beauty, their works were labeled as obscene because the society was against the expression of human sexuality. Miller railed against America’s sexual schizophrenia and he was rewarded by being banned, burned, pirated, deprived both of his livelihood and his power to reach his potential ... Free Essays on Tropic Of Cancer Free Essays on Tropic Of Cancer Tropic Of Cancer Henry Miller was born in New York on December 26, 1891. He moved to Paris on March 4, 1930 to become a successful writer. His work, †Tropic Of Cancer†, is probably one of the most unique, bizarre, and hilarious novels ever written in the history, and it is considered his premier work. In this autobiographical story, he portrayed his life in Paris, talked about whores he slept with, and spoke ill of his friends. He used a tremendous number of sexual, racial, and obscene expressions in the story. His writing style was distinct from that of other well-educated authors in that it was just like street talk. Because of theses explicit sexual expressions, this book was banned in all English-speaking countries until 1961. What was he trying to tell us through the two hundred eighty six pages of *censored*? As the readers flip the pages, they will find the following deep meanings behind the story: 1) he railed against the old conformity and tried to start the sexual revolution, 2) he condemned materialism and taught us the meaning of happiness, and 3) he portrayed the importance of time and its transience. By explicitly portraying his sex life, Henry Miller rebelled against the old conformity and attempted to make a change in people’s phobic attitude towards sex. Although ancient Romans or Greeks had considered human sexuality as an art, the majority of the world had become allergic to these kinds of expressions after the fall of the civilizations. At the beginning of the 20th century, some artists and authors began expressing human sexuality in their works. Henry Miller was one of them. In spite of artistic beauty, their works were labeled as obscene because the society was against the expression of human sexuality. Miller railed against America’s sexual schizophrenia and he was rewarded by being banned, burned, pirated, deprived both of his livelihood and his power to reach his potential ...

Shaping a Positive Attitude Toward Writing

Shaping a Positive Attitude Toward Writing Lets be honest: how do you feel about having to  write? Do you tend to view a writing project as a challenge or as a chore? Or is it merely a dull duty, one that you have no strong feelings about at all? Whatever your attitude may be, one thing is certain: how you feel about writing both effects and reflects how well you can write. Attitudes on Writing Lets compare the attitudes expressed by two students: I love to write and I always have. Even when I was a little kid, if there wasnt any paper I would write on the walls! I keep an online journal and write l-o-n-g emails to my friends and family. I usually get pretty good grades from instructors who let me write.I HATE to write. I get so nervous when I have to write that my hands shake. Writing is just about the worst punishment you can give me. Maybe if I had LOTS of time and I didnt get so anxious I could be a halfway decent writer. But Im really not very good at it. Although your own feelings about writing may fall somewhere between these extremes, you probably recognize what the two students have in common: their attitudes toward writing are directly related to their abilities. The one who enjoys writing does well because she practices often, and she practices because she does well. On the other hand, the one who hates writing avoids opportunities to improve. You might be wondering, What can I do if I dont especially enjoy writing? Is there any way I can change the way I feel about having to write? Yes, is the simple answer. Certainly, you can change your attitudeand you will, as you gain more experience as a writer. In the meantime, here are a few points to think about: Sharpening your ​writing skills will help you improve your grades in many different courses, not just in English classes.Regardless of your ​career goals, writing is one of the most practical skills you can have. On a typical work day, professionals in fields as diverse as engineering, marketing, computer programming, and management spend upwards of 50% of their time writing.According to a study recently conducted by the College Board, more than 75% of managers report that they take writing into account when hiring and promoting employees. Theres a premium placed on well-developed writing skills, observed one human resources director.Writing can be personally rewarding and enriching, an outlet for your anxieties rather than a cause of them. Keeping a journal, composing e-mails or text messages to friends, even writing an occasional poem or short story (whether or not you ever intend to show your work to anyone else)all allow you to practice your writing skills without t he fear of being judged. Writing can be fun. Seriously! You may just have to trust me on this one for now, but soon you should find that being able to express your thoughts clearly in writing can produce an enormous sense of delight and satisfaction. You get the point. As you begin working to become a better writer, youll find that your attitude toward writing improves with the quality of your work. So enjoy! And start writing. Defining Your Goals Spend some time thinking about why you would like to improve your writing skills: how you might benefit, personally and professionally, by becoming a more confident and competent writer. Then, on a sheet of paper or at your computer, explain to yourself why and how you plan to achieve the goal of becoming a better writer.

Gamal Abdel Nasser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Gamal Abdel Nasser - Essay Example The nationalist revival during the period of British occupation revealed a public awareness among a segment of Cairo's population, but this seldom was transacted into positive achievements. Instead, the Egypt of 1952 was a stagnant country. Beset by political strife, successive national governments did little to foster the country's development. An archaic structure of land ownership, abysmal living conditions among the great majority of the population, an economy geared to benefit a privileged few, and political instability--this was the legacy after thirty years of independence (Frederick, 268). The existing political parties abdicated their right to govern. In their struggle with the King and their quest for power and office, they treaded ruthlessly on the welfare of their country. Egypt's political structure blocked progress, rooted as it was in the status quo. No parliament controlled by wealthy landowners and Cairo's privileged social elite would support sweeping reform programs to the detriment of the vested interests. Few groups were untainted by the corruption which permeated Cairo. Many ranking civil servants owed their positions to partisan politics; landowners gained protection from the Wafd; businessmen were dependent upon the government for favors; and high ranking military officers often owed their posts to the King's personal support. Only the middle-class military--the captains, majors, and colonels, and, perhaps, a few generals--had the moral credentials for a bona fide movement of reform. And, after the sordid manipulation of the Alexandria cotton market and the collapse of national government in 1952, only the military was prepared to take action in the name of the people. Humiliated in the 1948 Palestine War, the Egyptian army generally had done little to distinguish itself. In its ranks, however, was a cadre of sincere and talented, though inexperienced, officers, and it was they who toppled the government in 1952. Initially, a junta sought to establish a nonpartisan civilian government, but this body proved unwilling to initiate the reforms desired by the young officers. Thus, the job of governing fell to the Free Officers by default. Governing had not been their initial purpose, and they were ill prepared for the task; but they alone were in a position to raze the "old order." And the destruction of the "old order" was a prerequisite for the implementation of profound reforms (Frederick 269). Role in Modernizing Egypt Rapid development in Egypt required an authoritarian government, and it became increasingly obvious that the Revolutionary Command Council could not measure up to the task. Instead, a single leader, a man with dictatorial powers, was needed. Gamal Abdel Nasser became dictator of Egypt in April, 1954. His was a difficult task. The country had not rallied to the military movement. Moreover, there was no panacea for Egypt's problems, and his every move drew the sniping attacks of those without the responsibilities for government. To his credit, he approached his mission boldly. Easy as it was to be irresolute, he determined what was best for

PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) Essay

PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) - Essay Example ivist groups have complained that PETA has made it difficult for them to make their point in the public eye because of negative associations engendered by PETA behaviors. In many cases, it has been argued that the group has taken the message too far even though the group has been successful in bringing about positive change for animal rights. Campaigns they’ve launched include a fight against the fast-food chain Kentucky Fried Chicken for the deplorable conditions in which chickens are kept as they are being fattened up for mass production in the chain’s food stores and campaigns against entertainment venues such as circuses for the way in which performing animals are kept. Before one can determine whether the group is beneficial or detrimental to animals and society as a whole, it is necessary to learn more about the charges levied against them as well as the successes they claim. PETA first gained national recognition only a year after it was founded when founding member Alex Pacheco investigated the research practices of Dr. Edward Taub in what was to become known as the Silver Spring monkey case.1 As the name of the case suggests, the events of the case took place at an animal lab in Silver Spring, Maryland. According to the Institute for Animal Research, photographs taken by Pacheco in a late night undercover mission in the primate lab revealed monkeys housed in ‘filthy conditions’ and evidence gathered regarding the nature of Dr. Taub’s research revealed what seemed to be excessively cruel practices.2 Information released about the case indicates Taub was deliberately cutting the nerves in the arms and legs of 17 monkeys he had in the lab and then employing further cruel methods to see what would induce the monkeys to attempt to use these damaged appendages. Methods employed included electric shock, restraining the undamaged limbs and withholding food.3 Taub had no choice but to admit to the methods being used, but suggested the research

The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck we learn about the daily life of the black stable-buck Crooks and how he is portrayed by the life on the ranch. American people in the 1930s were in the midst of a Great depression. The Great Depression affected everybody. Many people became unemployed and work that was available was hard to find. During the Great Depression, the Wall Street Crash, which was the collapse of the stock market. The shareholders lost lots of money and found it necessary to reduce the number of employed to save money. Between 1928 and 1933, industrial and farm production fell by 40% and wages by 60%. In 1933 14 million were unemployed and farm prices had fallen, so the cost of transporting animals cost more than the animals were worth and the income slipped to $5 billion. Therefore, for the white worker life was exceptionally hard. Also in the 1930s, black people suffered from racial prejudice. This made the blacks feel worthless and they did not mix with the whites. The cause of this prejudice was the reminisce of the slave trade which happened in the 18th and 19th century. White Americans considered the blacks as worthless and treated them as lowly citizens, perhaps comparable to that of animals. When people saw sense the law changed and the slave trade was stopped. In edition to the effects of the Great Depression, and the inequality white workers suffered is the issue of racial prejudice. In the novel, John Steinbeck creates a character called Crooks. He excludes himself from the white workers because of the racial prejudice he has suffered in the past. Crooks lives in the harness room instead of the bunk house with the white workers, this is the result of many years of racial prejudice and exclusion. had his bunk in the harness room Crooks is a tall old black man with a crooked back. He has no friends in the ranch because he is only the black man and the white workers dont like to mix with him. guys dont come into a colored mans room very much. Crooks is permanent to the ranch as the others are not, so over the years he has picked up more possessions. As he lives in his own room he can also have more things than the other workers and he can leave all his objects on the floor. The result of an accident made his back go cripple, this meant it was hard to travel and this helped to gain personal possessions. scattered about the floor were a number of personal possessions being a stable buck and a cripple, he was more permanent As Crooks was cripple he felt intimidated so he had a shot gun in his room. Although it could be used for shooting vermin and for his job, but it might also be used for the intimidation of other people. and a single-barreled shotgun. In the novel it tells us that Crooks has lots of books, this includes the Californian civil rights book. These books seem to comfort him as he has no friends. The civil rights book shows us that he knows his rights and knows how he should be treated a mauled copy of the Californian civil rights code for 1905. In addition to Crooks loneliness and isolation the dialogue between Crooks and Lennie is tight and Crooks seems to be angry at Lennie for coming into his room to be friendly. you got no right to come in my room you go on get outta my room. Crooks also might be afraid of Lennie. This might be because Lennie is a big man and he does not know his own strength. a huge man He stood up and moved dangerously towards Crooks. Whilst Crooks and Lennie are talking Crooks makes Lennie get angry because he said that George might not come back. Lennie relies on George for everything and he would not like it if George left him. Spose George dont come back no more. ` George wouldnt do nothing like that. I been with George a long time. Hell come back tonight -` Lennie has a very babyish mind and can really only talk about one thing. He gets obsessions. Like when he was talking to Crooks, he would not stop talking about what George and him are going to do when they get enough money and slims pups that he likes. The rabbits were gonna get, and I get to tend em How long do you think itll be before them pups will be old enough to pet? Crooks thinks it funny to discriminate Lennie because of his simple mind. This is because Lennie relies on George and Crooks has picked up on it and calls him names. Your crazy as a wedge. Jus talks, an you dont understand nothing. Besides Crooks experiencing loneliness another character in the novel Curleys wife also experiences it because she is the only woman in the ranch. Curleys wife admits to Lennie that she is lonely and that she only wants someone to talk to. I get lonely. The reason why she is lonely is because she lives in a patriarchal society. The male dominated society means that when she is bored she flirts with all the men and they think that she is always giving them the eye. I seen her give slim the eye. Today, there is still an issue on racism. In the fifties and the sixties a lot of icons have come forward to fight the rights of inequality. Some of the main ones are Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King fought in the non violence matter and Malcolm X fought in the violence matter. Although they both fought for freedom. Here is a piece from his speech: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal. To the present day people have died through racism, but it is not so much an issue. People have been brought up to treat everyone as equals, although there are a small minority that dont. This shows that the 1930s were prone to racism and loneliness among blacks and that nowadays there is little.

Choosing the Humane Road Essay -- Philosophy Afghanistan Essays

Choosing the Humane Road Sophocles, writing in the 5th century BC, created his works as he experienced both the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. These wars were focused around pride and greed, two vices that continue to drive violence in the 21st century. In Sophocles’ work Oedipus the King, Oedipus must come to new understanding of the self in relation to others to truly see himself and to understand the world. The lesson that Oedipus must learn is a lesson that yearns to be acknowledged and embraced still today. Like the Persians, Spartans, and Athens, the United States must, if it wants to be successful as a nation and world power, consider the other as the self. Americans must believe in the oneness of humanity, and they must appreciate the connection that makes everyone in the human race part of a common family. Until the United States views the world in this fashion, it will continue to engage in self-destruction similar to that of Oedipus and of those engaged in war in Sophocles’ time. To fully understand the comparisons that will follow, it is first necessary to understand the history of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, as well as the history of the United States’ engagement in war. The Persian Wars took place from about 499-479 BC; these battles were fought between the Greeks and the Persians, who lived in the area of the modern day Iran. After numerous battles and minor victories, the Athenians were ultimately successful in defeating the Persians with the help of the Spartans. Following this war, the Athenians and the Spartans became friends because together they had successfully defeated the Persians. In 431 BC, however, the Athenians violated their peace treaty with the Spartans, and, as a result, a civil wa... ... placed the U.S. at another critical crossroads in its history, but many Americans seem to be blind, like Oedipus, to the choices and consequences that lie before them. Until Americans view the Afghan people and all people around the world as equal to themselves, the inevitable consequences, discord, violence, and war, will continue. Works Cited CNN. "Jere Van Dyk: A Historical Perspective of the Fight Over Afghanistan." CNN Online 25 Sept. 2001. 14 Nov. 2001. <http://www.cnn.com/2001/COMMUNITY/ 09/25/van_dyk/index.html>. Rosenblum, Mort, "U.S. Once Backed ‘Freedom Fighter’ bin Laden." The Times Agrus Online 20 Sept. 2001. 23 Nov. 2001 <http://timesargus.nybor.com/Archieve/ Articles/ Article/34086>. Dawoud, Khaled, "American Connection." Al-Ahram Weekly Online 27 Aug. 1998. 23 Nov. 2001 <http://www.ahram.org.eg/weekly/1998/392/foc11.htm>.

The Possible Outcomes of Globalization

Human beings have always been dirty, corrupt, deceitful and horrible. But humans also have some redeeming factors that account for our current state of relative peace, our ability to innovate, the ability for great kindness and to care for other living things. All because each individual person is as different as the last with their own unique experiences and morals and standards that accumulate to our own incredibly different personalities and attitudes. Yet there are those who believe that striping us of the things that makes us†¦ s will be a great improvement on society even when the evidence points elsewhere. There is a very clear disagreement in our society about what we should do and what the benefits of globalization are. ‘Black’ and ‘White’ sides to a very grey issue. Usually people on the right will say that globalization is a good thing, giving you this; Claims increase in diversity and creativity, trade becomes easier and cheaper, goods becom e more accessible and cheaper, and that everyone will be materially richer. Countries are becoming more alike in the sense of offering some more commonly diverse choices. †-Tyler Cowen(supporter of Globalization) The other side to this are people that are decidedly on the left and they will say things like; Homogenization of culture, loss of creativity, total loss of some cultures, people will become easier to control through advertisements, society becomes about working and keeping ‘afloat’ and not living an actual life, creates violence within people try to protect their culture. †Fast food†¦ ecomes a fueling up ritual†¦ but if it social or family values is what you about†¦ then its a disaster. †-Benjamin Barber (advocate against globalization). Although I say most conservatives and most liberals is because some conservatives don’t see it for what is and buy into what the businessman would say and that all cultures would get a b it of every other culture and are fearful of the blending of culture and are against it. Some liberals think that bringing money to the third world countries, and many more reasons.This is not to say that the political spectrum doesn’t play a role but rather a major one, as most people on the right see it for what it is and support it because globalization creates wealth for the multinational corporations and destroys the native peoples culture and making them more focused on work and it becomes a win-win situation. Liberals are fearful of the corporation as once the people are on the bandwagon it’s very easy to keep them on it and the power of the people of those nations falls to the businesses.Another reason for concern on the part of all citizens regardless of political ideologies is the outsourcing of jobs, which we are already seeing the effects of as unemployment â€Å"unemployment rate moving to 9. 5% in the U. S. , the highest level since 1983. The same thing happened around the globe; the unemployment rate surged to record high values. †-London Forex Broadsheet. My opinion is that there are large winnings and some very hard losses to be had.On one side it boosts the local economy and overall wealth of the certain poorer country, and poverty by any measure is a horrible thing to live in. Unfortunately it destroys the culture that has survived for possibly thousands of years â€Å"Just over 38% of global cultures are in danger of extinction or are already extinct†-UNESCO and we lose some of the history that makes the world the way it is, also globalization can destroy the local environment and cause serious physical injury and sickness. †About one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone.Each year, another 16 million hectares disappear. †-globalchange. umich. edu And the only reason they live in poverty is not because they're useless and lazy but because of the current global economic system we use. So overall I believe that the losses outweigh the possible gains. The driving forces behind globalization is the corporations they first lobby the government to build an airport saying it will bring more tourists and money. afterwards they move in and set up factories (depending on the ethics or pressure put on them by the public) or sweatshops.So the increased tourism brings foreign ideas and technology like: democracy, freedom, wealth, internet, computers, TV’s, etc. After they make some money in a dangerous mine or a low paying factory they buy a TV/Computer and they see what we have and they want it, they see our big houses and big cars and they will save up and buy one. when they do that they adopt our north american culture and they stop going to church because they can get more money working weekends, they dress like we do and act like we do.They want to be like us so they tell their parents that their culture is dumb and look how this new culture brought us out of povert y, and how we don’t have to pick through garbage anymore. Once people think like this and act like this it causes other people to join them, thinking â€Å"Well he has a car a house and nice clothes, why can’t I have that? † So as more people drop their culture and uniqueness the faster it speeds up. The possibilities of an outcome of this en masse shift towards a North American lifestyle are endless, but what is almost certain is the fact that 99. % of the time this will end badly and not just for the humans that live here but the entire planet. So I will propose 3 scenarios that generally cover the possible outcomes at this point in time. Scenario 1) As more and more people get cars, computers, and use more electricity the CO2 emissions increase exponentially and we get to a tipping point in the atmosphere and a cascade/domino effect happens. Methane from the bottom of the ocean is released into the atmosphere and the Earth heats up even more.Then the Amazon b urns heating it even more, etc. etc. and the world fries and after 100000 years the Earth is plunged into an ice age. By the way almost everyone died. Scenario 2) As more and more jobs are outsourced to cheaper labour the North American way of life collapses because there’s no jobs and with no money you can’t buy anything. Then the whole global economic market crashes and burns. World is plunged into WWIII for the remaining resources, nuclear bombs are launched, whole countries become uninhabitable.Billions die. Scenario 3) In a global effort we switch over to renewable resources and solve the global energy crisis and with that we are able to stabilize the economy and regain peace. It is then possible to help and provide electricity to developing countries. There are many proposed solutions to the crisis we are dealing with but just as with many other problems many of the ‘solutions’ prove to be ineffective or even more harmful. So what will it take to hav e a solution that will save us?Unfortunately its too late to have a gradual change that would allow for people to adapt comfortably to the new lifestyle that i am about to propose. We will have to do this quickly and without hesitation because the longer we wait the more painful this will be. In scenario 3 of the last paragraph is what we will have to do as currently many of the wars being fought around the world are about or were started by the need of the black gold, oil, and n order to restore peace we need to switch over to a more renewable way of life especially here in North America. Not only will this reduce the incentive to kill each other over something that will become increasingly obsolete but it will also help calm the people who are angry at the way we live here because of our wastefulness. Also legislation by the government will have to be passed in order to make it harder for corporations to treat people poorly and pay them less, also make them create jobs in their ho me (eg; US, Canada, UK, etc. ) countries.Increased tourism from more money and cheaper bills will help reinforce the local cultures as people usually travel to see the culture. Advertisements will have to be localized and not forcing the American way of life down peoples throats. I believe that this will, if not completely solve this issue, help out greatly. Unfortunately people can’t see what is happening around them and then when they finally realize what has happened its too late, and that is the problem, why we can’t solve this crisis and why we can’t solve many other difficult issues that exist.The fact is that until something catastrophic happens no one will do anything about it, history shows this and as the saying goes History always repeats itself. Globalization will continue to be a problem for a very long time and when the mass population sees what has happened it will be too late. all we can do is support groups in foreign countries that try to susta in the culture and language of their ancestors.

Cerebral Cortex and Phineas Gage

Cerebral Cortex and Phineas Gage Debbie Mintz PSY 360 July 25, 2011 Phineas Gage Paper Phineas Gage was a man who was a leader at his job and was a very likeable person. His family and friends agree that he would helpful to anyone, he was happy, and easy-going person. Then he received brain damage to his cerebral cortex, which is one’s cognitive functions are within their lobes located in the brain. Humans have four kinds of lobes located within the cerebral cortex that do different functions. Human Brain The human brain is covered with tissue known as the cerebral cortex, which large furrows (fissures) and small furrows (sulci), and there are ridges between the fissures and sulci known as gyri. Under the cerebral cortex tissue are four lobes, each lobe has a role in a humans cognitive functions. Phineas Gage was a man who received brain damage, and one will be able to see how it affected his cognitive functions. Four Lobes for Cognitive Functions Basically the cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes; because during development of our brain the pressure divides the area into four areas and the development of these lobes do different functions within our brain. The four lobes are known as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and the occipital lobe (Pinel, 2009). One’s occipital lobe is what gives him or her visual input and helps guide their behavior, the occipital cortex with â€Å"large areas of an adjacent cortex perform this cognitive function† (Pinel, 2009, p. 69). In, the parietal lobe it has two large functional areas, the post central gyrus function, which it analyzes sensations one can feel from his or her body, such as touch. In the posterior section of the parietal lobes has the role of â€Å"perceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention† (Pinel, 2009, p. 69). The cortex of one’s temporal lobes, which has three functional areas. For one’s language and hearing there is the superior temporal gyrus, the inferior temporal cortex identifies ones complex visual patterns, next is the medial ortian of the temporal cortex its cognitive function is for memory. The last of the four lobes is the frontal lobe, and it has two distinct functioning areas. The first area is the pre-central gyrus along with the adjacent frontal cortex have a motor function, and the â€Å"frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs complex cognitive functions† (Pinel, 2009, p. 69), such as assessin g the outcomes of possible patterns of behavior, preparation to reply with sequences, and assessing the signifince of the behavior of others (Pinel, 2009). Summary of what each lobe does †¢Occipital lobe for vision processing †¢Parietal lobe for movement, perception to stimuli, recognition, orientation. †¢Temporal lobe for perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, speech, and memory. †¢Frontal is for reasoning, parts of speech, movement, planning, problem-solving, and emotions (Brain Structures and their Functions, 2005) Phineas Gage (1823-1860) Phineas Gage is a good example to use when explaining what happens to a person who receives brain damage and how the damage can affect ones cognitive functions. At the age of 25 a young man’s life changed completely, Phineas Gage was a hard worker as well as the a supervisor for the crew he worked with, his or her job was to blast huge rocks to make the land ready for the railroad track in 1848. His job consist of using a tampering iron on the boulders that had gun power or dynamite in them to explode, accidents do happen, and Phineas Gage received a tampering iron exploded into his face. It was remarkable that he was alive as well as being able to walk three miles to find medical help. The doctor cleaned him up with amazement that he lived through this damage to his brain. From the doctors report the tampering iron made entry in the cranium and passed through the anterior left lobe, and made its exit in the medial line, along his sinus fracturing his frontal and parietal bones widely, substantial parts of the brain broken up and his left eye globe was protruding out the socket, within a half of a diameter (Mo, 2006). After this terrible accident according to (Mo, 2006), Phineas Gage retained full possession of his reason, but Gages wife, family, and friends began to see dramatic changes happening to him and his personality. Even the company he worked for tried to rehire him, but they could not because his behavior changed, he was mouthy, unpredictable, disrespectful, and grossest profanities. These was not Phineas Gage’s behavior before the tampering iron went through his brain and rearrange his cognitive function from his anterior left lobe (Mo, 2006). Which is located in the frontal lobe, and it is for reasoning, parts of speech, movement, planning, problem-solving, and emotions (Brain Structures and their Functions, 2005). This was not the Phenias Gage they knew; in fact anyone that knew Gage before states there is a drastic change to his mind. As a result of Phineas damage from his frontal cortex there was a complete loss of social inhibitions, and inappropriate behavior (Mo, 2006). To this day â€Å"the role of the frontal cortex is involved in personality changes and social cognition† (Mo, 2006, p. ) Phenias Gage lived a different life as a stable person, at a place where he was not known, presumably somewhere in Chile and live 13 more years. This shows that when one’s brain has damage that they can live through it, but as a different person. Ones cognitive functions can become altered by brain damage within their lobes in their brain. Phineas Gage he seemed to turn from a good natured person to a bad natured per son, does that mean a bad natured person can become altered to a good natured person?

Whats the Difference Between AP Physics 1, 2, and C Which Should You Take

What's the Difference Between AP Physics 1, 2, and C Which Should You Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you interested in taking AP Physics? You might have noticed that the AP program offers more than one physics course. So what’s the difference between the different AP Physics classes- AP Physics 1, AP Physics 2, and AP Physics C? We will introduce you to them and help you decide which one to take. What AP Physics Classes Are Offered? The AP Program used to offer three physics classes: AP Physics B, AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. However, the AP program recently replaced AP Physics B, a one-year course, with two one-year courses: AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2. These are both algebra-based physics courses, which means they don’t require a math background beyond Algebra II. The AP program still offers AP Physics C, which is broken into two courses and exams: Physics C: Mechanics and Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism. Many schools teach these as the same class, or just teach one topic. Both of these courses are calculus-based. This means that there are now four AP Physics exams: AP Physics 1 AP Physics 2 AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism AP Physics C: Mechanics The fact that there are now four AP Physics exams can be confusing. So do you take Physics 1, Physics 2, and Physics C in order? What’s new about Physics 1 and Physics 2? We will introduce you to all of the courses and help you decide which class is right for you. AP Physics 1 AP Physics 1 is an algebra-based, introductory, college-level physics course. It explores Newtonian mechanics (including rotational motion), work, energy, power, mechanical waves and sound, and circuits – in other words, fundamental physics concepts. AP Physics 1 was designed to be a first-year physics course which you can take without prior physics experience. This is the main difference from the old AP Physics B course, which was designed to be a second-year physics class. The AP program recommends that students have at least taken geometry and are concurrently taking Algebra II while taking this course. If you’re not that far along in math yet, consider taking a different science class until you’re caught up, as math is very important in physics. AP Physics 2 AP Physics 2 is also an algebra-based, college-level physics course. However, it delves into some more advanced topics than Physics 1. Physics 2 explores fluid statics and dynamics, thermodynamics with kinetic theory, PV diagrams and probability, electrostatics, electrical circuits with capacitors, magnetic fields, electromagnetism, physical and geometric optics, and quantum, atomic, and nuclear physics. AP Physics 2 was designed to be a second-year physics course. This means it could come after AP Physics 1 or any first-year physics course. Much of its content is similar to the old AP Physics B course. You can read the full descriptions of AP Physics 1 and Physics 2 at the Advanced Placement website. AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Both AP Physics C courses are calculus-based, meaning you should have already taken calculus or concurrently be taking calculus while you take either AP Physics C course. This is the main factor that makes Physics C more challenging than Physics 1 and Physics 2. But what’s the difference between AP Physics C: Mechanics and AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism? Mechanics covers kinematics, Newton’s laws, work, energy, power, linear momentum, circular motion and rotation, oscillations and gravitation. As you can see, these are many of the same concepts explored in Physics 1. However, this course goes into more depth than Physics 1 and uses calculus, making it much more challenging. Electricity and Magnetism covers electrostatics, conductors, capacitors, dielectrics, electric circuits, magnetic fields, and electromagnetism. Notice there is some overlap with the Physics 2 curriculum, though again, Physics C will be more difficult since it incorporates calculus. The two topics are sometimes taught as the same course even though there are two different exams, with each topic being taught over one semester. When taught as a single class, Mechanics is usually taught first, and Electricity and Magnetism comes second. If schools only teach one topic, it tends to be Mechanics, since it builds on material most commonly taught in beginning physics classes (Newton’s laws, work, energy, power, etc). Each topic is supposed to be equivalent to one semester of college calculus-based physics. Because of this, AP Physics C is highly recommended to be at least a second-year physics course. You can read a full description of Physics C at the AP website. Which AP Physics Class Should You Take? Now that you know a little bit about the different AP Physics classes, you’re probably wondering which class you should take. Or, if you want to take more than one, you’re probably wondering the best order to take the classes in. We will present a few possible sequences, but we will also give you some steps to follow up with your school so you can choose the class that’s best for you! Option 1: Regular/Honors Physics, Then AP Physics 2 If your school doesn't offer AP Physics 1 or you don't want the first physics class you take to be an AP class, then one option is to start with a regular or honors physics class, where you learn the basic concepts of physics. Then, you can take AP Physics 2 as your second physics class. This option is ideal for students whose schools don't offer multiple AP Physics classes as well as students who don't have the time or desire to take multiple AP Physics classes. Physics 2 is the best AP Physics class to take after a regular or honors physics class (Physics 1 would pretty much just repeat what you already learned), although AP Physics C is also an option if you're taking/have already taken calculus. Option 2: AP Physics 1, Then AP Physics 2 The AP program says taking Physics 1 and 2 provide a solid physics background for future pre-med, geology, and life sciences students. They also say it’s a good option for students attending colleges where they will have to fulfill a science requirement but will not be studying science as their major. If your school teaches AP Physics 2 but not AP Physics 1, you can just replace AP Physics 1 with whatever introduction to physics course your school offers. Don’t jump straight into AP Physics 2 – it’s meant to be a second-year physics course! If your school teaches AP Physics 1 but not AP Physics 2, you could take Physics 1 and then take another natural science course (including chemistry and biology), a science elective, or consider taking AP Physics C if your school offers it. Option 3: AP Physics 1, Then AP Physics C AP recommends Physics C (along with AP Calculus AB or Calculus BC) for students aiming for engineering or physical science majors in college. However, taking AP Physics 1, Physics 2, and Physics C might be overkill – you would lose time for biology and chemistry. Getting exposure to all three natural sciences is important for a well-rounded, challenging high school career, especially if you're going into science or engineering. You also want to make sure you can fit in at least one of the AP Calculus classes. So if you want to take Physics C, start with AP Physics 1 (or a regular physics course), and then take AP Physics C, which will give you a total of two physics classes during high school. Physics C is intended as at least a second-year course, so don’t jump into it unprepared. Also make sure you have taken or are taking calculus while you take AP Physics C. Next Steps Now that you have a better idea of what the AP Physics classes cover and the general order they should be taken in, what should you do next? Read this section for the five steps you should follow. #1: Meet with your guidance counselor and find out which physics courses your school teaches. Do they offer both AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2, or do they just offer a basic introductory physics course? Do they teach AP Physics C? If so, do they teach Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, or both? Getting these answers is the first step to planning your schedule. Also keep in mind that since Physics 1 and Physics 2 are new classes, schools might still be working them into their schedules over the next few years. #2: During the meeting, ask about the recommended physics course sequence at your school. There may be required prerequisite courses or placement tests for the AP Physics courses, or your school might have a recommended order of science classes that includes biology and chemistry. #3: Find out who teaches the AP Physics classes Ask your counselor and ask other students. You can ask other students currently taking AP Physics what they think of the teacher and how prepared they feel for the AP test. You can ask your counselor what the AP Physics test pass rate is like at your school. Getting some background on how the classes are taught at your school can help you decide if AP Physics is right for you. As a brief example, at my high school, our AP Physics class included a lot of independent work and self-studying. It was great for students who were self-motivated, but challenging for students who wanted more support. Many students decided whether to take AP Physics based on whether they thought they could handle the independent nature of the class. #4: Ask for the syllabi for the different physics classes if you want to find out about the workload and topics they cover. This might help you choose between taking a regular introduction to physics course or AP Physics 1, or choose between AP Physics 2 and AP Physics C. #5: Find out about any summer assignments. AP courses often have summer assignments. AP Physics C in particular is likely to have summer work, especially if your school teaches both topics. Make sure to consider your schedule and summer commitments (like camps, jobs or trips) before signing up. And finally, be aware that Physics 1 and 2 are fairly courses so there are still kinks to be worked out. They won't have as many old-free response questions and other official practice materials to study with. If your school has a very strong, established AP Physics C class, it might be a better option for you if you’re up to the challenge. Bottom Line Aim to take AP Physics C if you are a future engineer or natural sciences major – but take it alongside or after taking calculus. If your school doesn’t offer Physics C, take AP Physics 2 or honors physics if you can. Taking AP Physics 1 and Physics 2 is plenty if you aren’t going to study natural sciences or engineering, but want to take challenging science courses in high school. If you’re considering college engineering but aren’t sure if it’s right for you, taking AP Physics C could be a good way to find out if you are up to the challenge and enjoy the topics you would continue to explore in college. What’s Next? Want to dip your toe into the physics pool to see if physics is the right AP science for you? We have straightforward articles on the law of conservation of mass, the specific heat of water, and the three formulas you need to calculate acceleration. How many AP courses total should you take? What if you want to get into an Ivy League school? Read our advice on AP course load here. Also studying for the SAT/ACT? Learn the difference between the two tests, including why one tests science and one doesn’t. Also figure out which test you will do best on. Curious about what it takes to get a perfect SAT score? Read advice from our full-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume

10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume 10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume 10+ Tools and Resources to Write the Perfect Resume By Ali Hale If you read my post of resume tips a few weeks ago, you’ll already be familiar with best practice for writing a great resume. While there’s nothing wrong with hand-crafting your resume in Microsoft Word (or your word processor of choice), there are plenty of online tools that can save you lots of time by formatting your resume in seconds. Plus, if you’re still struggling with exactly what to put on your resume in the first place – there’s lots of great advice out there. Before we get into the list of great tools and resources, there are a couple of crucial things to keep in mind: Whatever tools you use, employers will expect a resume that conforms to a standard format. There are some nifty tools out there that let you create a resume that looks like, say, an infographic: unless you’re very certain that’ll go down well with your potential employer, stick to something a little more conventional. Tools can be hugely helpful but they can only do so much. If there are major issues with your resume (like a huge unexplained gap in your work history, or a total mismatch between your listed skills and what an employer wants), you’ll want to fix those problems before trying to format your resume beautifully. With those caveats out of the way, here’s the list: Online Advice and Support on Creating Your Resume #1: â€Å"Resume† Category (free), Ask a Manager I love the blog â€Å"Ask a Manager† by Allison Green (though be warned, it’s an easy place to spend a little too much time reading about other people’s weirdly dysfunctional workplaces). There’s a whole category of advice about â€Å"Resumes†, which is well worth a read. (Allison Green is a manager who’s been extensively involved in hiring and really knows her stuff. You can submit your own questions to her, if you have a resume query that hasn’t already been covered on the blog.) #2: Resume Samples (free), Resume Genius If you’re writing a resume for the first time – or after a long time away from employment – then you might feel quite unclear on how a resume should even look. Going through some resume samples can be really helpful, because it gives you a good feel for what potential employers will expect. There are plenty of sites out there offering sample resumes, but Resume Genius is a particularly easy-to-use one, with samples categorised by industry, and with related samples like cover letters, plus additional tips. You can click to download a sample as a Microsoft Word document without having to sign up or put in your email address. Tip: Don’t assume that the wording or layout of a sample is perfect (or that it’s perfect for the role you have in mind): it won’t necessarily be appropriate to copy a particular phrase that a sample resume or cover letter uses, for instance. In any case, you should be very careful about using wording from any sample unless it’s something very standard (like â€Å"I am interested in applying† or â€Å"Thank you for your consideration†), unless you have express permission – otherwise, copying the sample is plagiarism. #3: CV Tips: this is what a recruiter can see after 30 seconds with your resume (free), The Independent This is a single article, but one I wanted to link to because it provides a very honest and valuable perspective from the other side of the fence. It’s easy to end up agonising over things on your resume that don’t really matter – or giving too much importance to areas that employers simply aren’t that interested in (like your educational history). Tip: Although published by a UK newspaper, the author of the piece (Ambra Benjamin) is American, so the advice here applies fairly well on either side of the Atlantic. #4: 43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired (free), The Muse This is another single article, but one that’s packed with practical tips and lots of links to further information, from the big picture (focusing on recent, relevant jobs) to the little details (avoiding using the same words repeatedly). Note that the article is aimed at US readers, so if you’re in a different country, you may find that some of the advice doesn’t necessarily apply – and even if you are in the US, don’t feel that you have to follow every single point slavishly. Give this a skim-read when you’re first putting together your resume; you can then go through it point by point as you edit and polish your resume, following the links to further information if there’s a particular area where you need extra help or want more details. Tip: There’s some particularly good advice towards the end of the article about saving and sending your resume – do make sure that it displays correctly once emailed (you can send it to yourself and check it on another computer), and make sure you include your name in the file name, not just â€Å"Resume† or â€Å"CV†. #5: 103 Resume Writing Tips, Resume Genius This piece, like the one from The Muse, collects together lots of practical tips – with links to further help when needed. It’s a little different, though, in that it’s a collection of common mistakes – things that the team at Rescue Genius see on a daily basis when reviewing people’s resumes (like â€Å"forgot to use action verbs† or, worryingly, â€Å"misspelled own name†). Some of the mistakes might seem like obvious ones to avoid, but others are ones you might never have thought about before – like â€Å"weak bullet points displayed before strong ones† and â€Å"not bringing multiple copies of it to interview†. Tip: The article is US-focused, but a lot of these tips will apply wherever you are in the world.   There might be cases where standard practice in your own country is different, though – so do seek local advice as well, and ignore the tips/mistakes that don’t apply to you. Tools to Create Your Resume #6: Canva Resume Builder (free) Canva offers a wide range of design tools and resources, and it has a great resume building tool. You start by writing your name and then you will be able to pick the style you are looking for. For example, you can go with corporate style, acting resume, high school, creative professional and so on. The next step is to pick the templates you like from a list of available ones. Finally, you will be able to input your resume information and to edit any design aspects you want. Overall the process is very simple and will produce a professional looking resume in a very short time. #7: Google Docs templates (free), various creators If you want a straightforward way to create a resume, why not use Google Docs’s templates? Click on the link above to go straight to the â€Å"Template gallery†, then click â€Å"General† to view them. You should see a whole series of different templates: scroll down to get to the resumes. Click your chosen template to load it up, then simply fill in the details. Keep in mind that once you’ve chosen a template to edit, you can’t switch your text to a different template – so you might want to try a few before you settle on one. Tip: Most of the resume templates have a corresponding â€Å"letter† template that uses the same colours and fonts. You might want to use this for your cover letter (if you’re not simply including the cover letter in the body of an email). #7: Kickresume (free/paid), Kickresume SRO Kickresume is a free and straightforward site that lets you create a standard resume, providing templates for both resumes and cover letters (plus websites). It’s simple to use, though you will need to create an account (or you can login via Google, Facebook or LinkedIn). To save time, you can import your LinkedIn profile, by downloading a .zip file from LinkedIn and uploading it to Kickresume – full instructions are provided. You can change the template you’re using at any time, without losing any of the text you’ve uploaded or inputted. There are only three basic, free templates though – if you want to use the â€Å"pro† options, you’ll need to upgrade to the paid plan ($15/month or $48/year). Tip: Some of the resume templates include space to put a photograph of yourself. This isn’t standard practice in the US or UK for resumes, so if you’re in those countries, you may want to choose a template that only has text content. #9: Enhancv (paid, has free trial) Enhancv is a complete platform for those looking to create a modern and effective resume. After signing up you will be prompted to choose one of the many existing templates. you will then be able to edit all the sections with your personal information and experience. One interesting feature the platform offers are the automated suggestions to improve the wording of specific parts of your resume. This is a paid product, but it comes with a free 7-day trial. On top of that the website offers a wide range of resources and articles you can use to improve your resume without paying anything. #10: CV Maker (free, paid), CV Maker CV maker offers several basic templates for creating a resume. You fill in your information in a form, and you can then switch between different templates if you want to. While it’s possible to create your resume without logging in, you’ll need to create an account if you want to save your CV and edit it in the future. It’s free to create an account, and you’ll get full access to the basic templates and to the save/download features. The premium level (which gives you lots of advanced options) only costs $16/year, too – so you might decide it’s worth upgrading. Tip: CV Maker’s site is available in a wide range of different languages: if English isn’t your native language, you can easily change this from the drop-down menu at the top of the site or the list in the footer. #11: Standard Resume (free, paid), Minimum Works Standard Resume has a very straightforward LinkedIn import – you can bring in all your information from LinkedIn, then edit or add anything you need to. As with Kickresume and CV Maker, the basic templates are free; you can pay for a premium account ($5/month or $20/year) to tailor your resume further. Unlike some other sites, Standard Resume keeps the templates simple and straightforward: you won’t find profile photos or odd infographic elements here. If you’re applying to a fairly traditional industry, or if you just want to keep things as simple as possible, that could make Standard Resume a great option for you. Tip: The pro level also lets you see when your resumes have been viewed and/or downloaded, which you might find useful. #12: Slick Write (free), RussTek LLC In Top 10 Online Tools to Help You Write the Perfect Essay, I covered the popular spelling and grammar checking tools Grammarly and Hemingway. Slick Write is similar: you can paste in a passage of writing (or use a Chrome or Firefox extension) and it will automatically flag up potential problems. You could use it on your cover letter or any emails you need to send, as well as on your resume. While I don’t think any tool can replace careful proofreading – and ideally, a second pair of eyes on your resume – Slick Write can help you to edit your work. It’s completely free, so well worth a try. (It is, however, funded by ads, which you may find slightly intrusive or annoying.) Tip: As with any grammar checker, don’t feel that you have to follow every single recommendation. You might decide that your phrasing is fine as it is! Whatever tools you use to help, writing a resume can be tough. You need to convey, clearly and concisely, exactly why you’ll be a good fit for a particular role – in a standard format that supplies potential employers with all the information they’ll expect. For further help on knowing what to include in your resume, take a look at my article Top 10 Resume Writing Tips for 2018. Best of luck with your job-hunting. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Social vs. SocietalMood vs. Tense

Worksheet Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worksheet - Article Example (5 pts) If the journal is independent, simply type â€Å"independent†. 7. Review the â€Å"About us† and the â€Å"Mission Statement† (statement of purpose) of the journal publication mentioned in question 4. If you located a scholarly society (per question 6), also review their mission and membership. Then, provide three reasons based on this review as to how you deem the information published or presented by the journal to be scientifically valid, accurate, and reliable. (10 pts) 8. Now that you have established that the information in your article is scientifically reliable (meaning that you can trust that it provides safe, useful health information for you) return to your URL (question 2) and read your article again for content. Type a 200-word summary of the content of your article without plagiarizing or quoting the article. Write solely in your own words. (12 pts) Research has shown that the ‘rotten egg’ gas known as hydrogen sulfide, also known as H2S, has been detected in the fluid of knee joints. The study compared amounts of hydrogen sulfide in those with two types of arthritis against subjects without arthritis. It was found that subjects with rheumatoid arthritis have significantly higher concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in their knee joints than subjects without rheumatoid arthritis. The research has opened the possibility that hydrogen sulfide could be used as a medication for those with inflammatory diseases. Further research is being conducted to figure out how to deliver safe levels of hydrogen sulfide to patients. Because anti-inflammatory drugs have many negative side-effects, delivery of hydrogen sulfide to those with inflammatory diseases would be a more natural option because hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the body. Rheumatoid Arthritis, or RA, is the most significant inflammatory disease. Thousands are diagnosed with RA each year and many people

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 - Essay Example This case study’s objective is to assess the research article entitled, ‘Direct work with racially motivated offenders’. Cognitive behavior of an individual has become one of the significant elements in the criminology to understand criminal behaviors among individual. Criminologists and sociologist claim society plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive behavior of individual. Social strains (racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic etc.) and aggressive racial prejudices are linked with the offending behaviors. With the passage of time, criminologist seeks to understand criminal behaviors through implementation of socio-economic theories to develop in-depth understanding about crime and criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to eliminate criminal behaviors through developing effective cognitive behavior programs and designs to eliminate criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to understand the social strain th at lead individual to adopt criminal behaviors. Similarly, David Court (2003) in their study shares the researcher share personal experience of piloting intervention material design for work. In order to understand the behaviours of racially motivated offend, David analyizes the murder of Rolan Adams, Rohit Dughal and Stephen Lawrences. David Court (2003) in the study implemented draft assessment and intervention material in order to assess criminal behaviors prevailing in racially motivated offenders. The main focus of the intervention was designed for the participants at work. The intervention program is based on seven module assessment that allows the understand the development of offending behaviors through understanding socialization process of individual from their childhood that leads to the develop racial identities among individuals. The findings of the study highlights that the early results have showed positive

Law and Ethics in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law and Ethics in Healthcare - Essay Example Therefore, this paper examines HIV/AIDS and confidentiality, which are healthcare issues arising from the conflict between law and ethic values. Salient ethical and legal concerns associated with HIV/AIDS and Confidentiality Safken & Frewer (2007) indicate that law and ethics postulate that medical information demands confidential treatment; thus, the law focuses on protecting such information. Consequently, care providers have an compulsion of promoting confidentiality in their activities. Indeed, HIV-related information has been subject to additional protections because of their sensitiveness. Care providers can only reveal such information based on court orders or the patient’s own will. Initially, patients are protected by regulations that promote personal privacy; hence, a care provider who releases such information infringes into one’s privacy. Although this is important in protecting patient against social exploitation, the process creates health concerns (McLean & Mason, 2003). This apparent since holding information is sometimes not rational as the practice may invite detrimental effects on other parties. According to McLean (2006), the responsibility of countering the harm from spreading to other parties binds care providers. For instance, care providers have a duty of protecting persons with high threats of infection. Additionally, concerns of promoting public health may demand a disclosure of such information. It is worth noting that disclosing information may be essential for individuals who engage in duties that present risks to their clients. These principles present strong moral and legal concerns to care providers in healthcare. Important primary ethical principles for managing the presented issues Healthcare providers can utilize concepts presented by some primary ethical principles in addressing this case. An ideal scheme that can inform healthcare providers is the standard of beneficence. Beneficence advocates for an idea of do ing good that demands one to analyze the matter critically to institute the best position of addressing the concerns (McLean, 2006). Importantly, the beneficence demands one to adopt the most genuine position while considering the necessity of bettering the condition of the involved parties. Since the HIV/AIDS and confidentiality subject, present a controversial environment, genuine assessment is the only solution to the case. This means that healthcare providers should access the implication of each procedure to identify the best approach to accord to the matter (Leslie & Bernard, 2001). Additionally the ideology of concert could be beneficial in addressing the concerns. This principle binds competent individuals with a responsibility of presenting their professional advice to the society (McLean & Mason, 2003). Professionals may adopt the knowledge of the principle in situations where parties involved fail to present genuine decision due to their state (Leslie & Bernard, 2001).The issues presented by the HIV/AIDS confidentiality do not entirely mean that the patients may not be in position of adopting reasonable decision as per the demands of the principle of consent. However, the rationality of the practice emerges by the fact that, the environment presented by the health issues raised may demand informed advice (Kaur, 2008). Consequently, healthcare provid

Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan Tourism Essay

Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan Tourism Essay This policy review aims to review the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and its new industries in the current scenario to make it a happening tourist destination in the world. This review also includes substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to the topic of Development of New Industries in Jordan. The Kingdom of Jordan has been also review of its policies in Investments across the kingdom in hope to make the kingdom a world class destination. This review also refers to various types of Industries in tourism that are making way into the country even though traditionally well known for this various types of tourism in the region, recently Jordan has been trying to fully capitalize the various tourisms it has to offer by coming up with various Marketing policies and has been support its policies by investing heavily in and around various tourist destinations. The country has been able to successfully make inroads on its investments so far even though it ha s a troublesome neighborhood in the Middle East region. The kingdom has made profits even though they have dropped in numbers in comparison to the previous financial years, considering the Spring Uprising, Civil wars and Insurgency in the Arab world has led to concerns of security issues. Considering the fact that Jordan has been Pro-west country, it has managed to balance traditional values of Islam at the same time being liberal in its approach towards the development of country. Methodology: The methodology used to review the various types of industries and development policies is the use of Porters Diamond model approach to Industries with conditions, have been analyzed with also the role of Government and Chance contributing to the development of Tourism industry as a whole contributing to the development of the country. A cluster analysis has also been done of the various contributing factors for the development of the tourism industry in particular. 400px-The_Porter_Diamond.svg.png Tourism and the economy Tourism is major sector in Jordans economy. In 2010, 8 million tourists from various countries visited Jordan, with tourist spending amounting to about 3.5 billion USD. An additional US$1 billion was earned through medical tourism to the kingdom. In 2011, Jordanian tourism lost $1 Billion due to the instability across the region. Generating 2 billion and 423 million Jordanian Dinars ($3.461 billion), tourism is recognized as a major player of the Jordanian economy. The sector has been the key in attracting local, regional and international investment, in addition to creating jobs, and generating revenues. Its major tourist attractions include visiting historical sites, like the worldwide famous Petra (UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985, and one of New Seven Wonders of the World), the Jordan River, Mount Nebo, Madaba, numerous medieval mosques and churches, and unspoiled natural locations (as Wadi Rum and Jordans northern mountainous region in general), as well as observing cultural and religious sites and traditions. Jordan also offers health tourism, which is focused in the Dead Sea area, education tourism, hiking, Desert Skiing, Sky diving, Scuba diving in Aqabas coral reefs, pop-culture tourism and shopping tourism in Jordans cities. More than half of the approximate 4.8 Arab tourists in 2009, mainly from the GCC, said they plan to spend their holidays in Jordan. So The Kingdom of Jordan has different of Tourisms to offer to the world -Religious Tourism -Historical Tourism -Nature Exploration -Medical Tourism -Education Tourism -Shopping Tourism (Duty-Free) -Adventure Sports -Cultural Tourism Global Perspective Tourism is one of the biggest and most important movers of the world economy. The world tourism organization expects the number of tourists to grow to 935 million people in 2010. Statistics reveal that tourism accounts for 15% of global GDP, 7% of global investment, and almost 9.6% of total government expenditure. The sector has created 200 million jobs worldwide, representing 11% of the total global workforce. The UNWTO forecasts a growth in international tourists arrivals of between 4% and 5% in 2011, below the estimated percentage of growth rate in 2011 distributed by regions: World: 5% Europe: 4% Asia-Pacific: 7-9% Americas: 5-6% Africa: 6-7% Middle East: 8-10% Job opportunities Tourism accounts more than 40,000 direct jobs and an estimated 130,000 indirect jobs impacting the lives of more than 800,000 people. Current plans aim at raising direct tourism jobs to 60,000, in addition to creating 300,000 direct and indirect job opportunities in supporting sectors. Direct jobs in the tourism sector (2002-2010) The growth of the tourism sector has helped create and develop thousands of small- and medium-sized businesses around the Kingdom. It has also influenced important changes in Jordans work culture. Women currently constitute 10.0% of the current job total. Growth has also been reflected on the educational system, where hospitality is becoming a favorite subject for high school students. Graduates can pursue specialized education at the Jordan Applied University College of Hospitality and Tourism, in addition to a number of the Jordanian universities that teach the Hospitality specialty. Tourist numbers and expenditure levels The number of tourists visiting Jordan has been increasing steadily over the past few years. In 2010, overnight visitors totaled 4.55 million, while same day visitors reached 3.7 million. Focus on the quality of tourists (especially from Europe) has raised the number of nights spent in the Kingdom and increased tourism income to 2.423 billion Jordanian Dinars, a decrease of 17.2% from 2009. Income from tourism (2004-2010) Investment in the tourism sector This decade has witnessed a flurry of investment activity in the tourism sector to meet the increasing numbers of visitors to the Kingdom. Investment in tourism has totaled almost 2.9 billion Dinars between 1996 and 2009, with direct foreign investments constituting 53%. Investment levels in tourism (2004-2009) Jordan has been investing heavily in its tourist infrastructure in the form of luxury hotels, spas, resorts, and massive real estate projects, as The Abdali Urban Regeneration Project and the Marsa Zayed in Aqaba. Luxury residential housing like Sanaya Amman and the Living Wall are attracting vacationers to buy property in Jordan. Queen Alia International Airport is being expanded to handle passengers annually up to 9 million in the first phase; 12 million in the later phase. Tourism Development Currently USAID is an active partner in the development of the Jordan Tourism Industry with the continued support of the Jordan Tourism Development Project (Siyaha), currently in its second project lifecycle. Jordan Tourism Project (SIYAHA) Duration: 2005 2008 Funding: US$17,424,200 Implementing Partner: Chemonics International Jordan Tourism Project II (SIYAHA) Duration: 2008 2013 Funding: US$28 million (Estimated) Implementing Partner: Chemonics International With the establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone, nearly 20 billion dollars have been invested in sole coastal city of Jordan. Luxurious resorts such as Saraya Aqaba and Tala Bay are being constructed with more in the pipleline like the $1 billion Ayla Oasis.[9] With Jordan becoming increasing popular as a cruising destination, a new and modern cruise ship terminal is being constructed in the Marsa Zayed project. Hotel rooms There are a total of 23,882 hotel rooms in Jordan, of which 6,697 are in 5-star hotels, 3,285 in 4-star hotels, and 3,132 in 3-star hotels. Several projects are underway that are expected to add 5,000 rooms by the year 2012, mostly in Aqaba and the Dead Sea. JORDAN TOURISM HOSPITALITY ANALYSIS The tourism cluster map is centered on these four pillars of tourism: Accommodation, Restaurant Food service, Transportation and Tourist Attractions. It includes small vendors to USAID. (J. FischerI. Khan, 2009) Tourism Cluster Map E-tourism Travel agencies Tour operators IFCs Jordan Tourism Board; Jordan Hotel Association; Jordan Society of Tourist and Travel Agents, Fair Trade Jordan Attractive tourism offerings: Historical tourism; Religious tourism Medical tourism; Eco-tourism Financial Services Government AGENCIES; Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Public Transport Regulatory Commission, Medical Tourism Directorate Maintain Services Restaurant food service Accommodation Hotels and Resorts Transportation Airlines, road system, railway, shipping Construction Industry International Organizations Technical Financial assistance Education institutions For example: Amman Hospitality College; Jordan University of Hospitality FACTOR Conditions Jordans tourism industry relies heavily upon its historical and natural resources. The country ranks higher than many of its peers on the quality of its historical as well as its natural heritage, as well as highly on the openness of its people to tourism and to foreigners. However, various threats to the tourism sector also exist. For example, high concentrations of tourists threaten Petra, and degradation and environmental concerns related to the Gulf of Aqaba are also rising. Ground transportation infrastructure plays a very important role in Jordans tourism. For one thing, it is the preferred means of entry to Jordan for 76% of foreign visitors. Jordan ranks lower on the quality of its ground transport than some of its leading regional neighbors. Some of the main problems the public transport sector faces are a very low level of coordination among transporters as well as an alarmingly high increase in accidents in recent years. The Public Transport Regulatory Commission was formed in 2001 specifically to oversee the public transport sector. The commission is currently addressing the problem of low-coordination by consolidating unprofitable routes. Presently, a total of 11 universities (including three state-owned), 10 colleges and 16 vocational training centers are involved in providing tourism specific education. However, various business surveys indicate that a majority of the industry respondents were not satisfied with the quality of graduates produced by these institutes. The skills shortage might be a reason why in 2008 foreigners constituted 18% of the overall tourist workforce, up from 10% in 2004. The Government is also cognizant of this fact, and therefore allows new businesses in Aqaba to hire foreigners, up to 70% of the workforce. RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES: The importance of a national strategy for tourism buttressed by a strong public and private collaboration and coordinated development. For instance, popular tourist sites need to be supported by information and good infrastructure in order to create a strong brand and to generate repeat visitors. Similarly, good hotels and high quality services should support a good marketing campaign. Hence, a national tourism strategy becomes imperative for coordinated development (JNCO, 2007). The GoJ analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of the salient pillars of tourism, including accommodation, transport, food, tourism services, and activities for each of the before mentioned niche markets. Hotels and Restaurants Jordans hotels and restaurants employ the bulk of the labor force working in tourism. In 2008, they contributed 1.7% of GDP (ABC, 2009). Hotel accommodations range from one- to five star hotels. In 2008, five-star hotels accounted for almost half of the total nights spent. The hotel sector has managed to attract a substantial amount of investment in recent years. Catholic Student Bay (US$500M), the Ayla Oasis project (US$750M), the Saraya Aqaba project (UD$362M), the Sun Days Water Park (US$60M), the Aqaba Ishkar Kempinski Hotel (US$60M), the Royal Metropolis-Jordan Gate and Royal Villages of Amman (US$1B), the Dead Sea Holiday Inn Hotel (US$21M), and the Crown Plaza Hotel at the Dead Sea (US$49M).Many international hotel chains are competing in the industry and include some award-winning spas near the Dead Sea. In recent years, the tourism industry has gone through changing dynamics, where restaurants are becoming the high growth segment, while hotels are showing stagnancy. 40% increasing growth in the restaurant sector indicates a rising appetite of Jordanians for e ating out. A wide variety of international restaurant franchises have entered the market, which suggests increased competition in the industry. The stagnancy in the hotel industry might be explained by low occupancy rates or by the fact that Jordanian hotels are highly dependent upon European tourists for its demand. This is a market segment that is very vulnerable to changes in perceptions about Jordans security emanating from regional instability. The GoJ has been encouraging hotel construction, with special emphasis in the Aqaba specialized economic zone (JNCO, 2007). Health Tourism: Health Tourism is a core part of the tourism cluster. During the 1970s, Arab patients from around the region started arriving in Jordan for medical treatment. Today, Jordans health sector has a reputation for subspecialties, such as cardiovascular surgery, transplantation, cancer treatment, and plastic surgery. The private sector accounts for 54% of the hospitals and 46% of the beds available. It is soon to be a regional hub to medical tourist. The GoJ has been very responsive towards the needs of the industry. In 1998, the MoH established an office at the Queen Alia International Airport (QAIA) to assist foreigners with immigration, information, and transportation to hospitals. Currently, the Medical Tourism Directorate follows up on complaints from foreign patients and works in collaboration with an association representing doctors and private hospitals. The Investment Law of 1987 also provides tax incentives for investing into the health sector. The health industry, however, is suffering from stagnation. The total number of foreign patients increased only modestly from 95,000 to 108,000, between 1998 and 2005 (WHO, 2009). Given low occupancy rates in private hospitals (around 50%); this stagnation is not due to supply side constraints. Specialized hospitals are running at 70% occupancy (JNCO, 2007). Despite the potential of Jordans health tourism sector, there are threats on the horizon, including a shortage of qualified nurses due to brain drain. Also, as the Dubai Health Care city establishes itself, it will target the same labor market that has traditionally made up the bulk of Jordans health tourism industry. This is likely to double in occupancy as by 2015 200,000 to 250,000 patients are likely to visit Jordan. DEMAND CONDITIONS The industry shows a cyclical pattern in its demand, with the peak tourist season beginning at the end of July and lasting through the end of August, coinciding with school holidays. Most visitors come from Arab countries. Within the Archaeological Tourism segment, the demand is somewhat concentrated on Petra, which accounted for 26% of the foreign visitors who visited Jordan historical sites in 2008. This lack of diversification in terms of origin countries, as well as preferred tourist destinations, puts the industry at risk, while at the same time the lack of sophistication in demand discourages the development of more value-added options. To elaborate further, while Arab visitors constitute 68% of foreign tourists, they contribute only 43% of the overall tourism receipts. One reason is that (in 2008) Arab visitors stayed an average of 3.9 days, compared to European visitors who stayed 5.0 days. Furthermore, in terms of nights spent, 30% of the Arab nights were at the cheapest accommodation available. In contrast, 43% of European nights were spent in five-star hotels, indicating that the Europeans have a much larger and more sophisticated demand than Arab visitors. In broader terms, Europeans accounted for 54% of all the nights spent in Jordanian hotels rated 3 stars and above. European tourists also account for 91% of the nights stayed in camp sites. With less than 15% of occupancy rates, camp sites are the most underutilized of all Jordanian accommodation options. Although the MoTAs National Tourism Strategy 2004-2010 did target niche markets, such as adventure tourism, cruising, and eco-tourism, occupancy rates of camps show no improvement between 2004 and 2007.47 One of the challenges faced by Jordan is its location in a volatile region; it is very vulnerable to losing its customers, if the region experiences political turmoil. This highlights the need for Jordan to develop a sophisticated local demand that could support these high-value added businesses during times of turmoil. CONTEXT FOR FIRM STRATEGY AND RIVALRY On the context for firm strategy and rivalry, Jordan ranks highly compared to regional competitors on key metrics, such as visa requirements, government prioritization, government expenditure, and effective marketing and branding. The GoJ aims to work with the private sector to strengthen the industrys institutional and regulatory framework and thereby improve the competitiveness of the tourism sector. Nonetheless, the cluster can better coordinate activities across the tourism value chain and increase representation at international travel and tourism fairs. Further, the cluster can explore tourism markets for athletic events and conferences, which are both currently untapped. The Jordan tourism cluster is quite competitive with more than 400 hotels, over 350 travel agencies, about 70 tour operators, and an unaccounted number of tour guides. In 1998, the MoTA established the Jordan Tourism Board (JTB) to market the cluster. The JTB is a joint initiative between the public and private sectors with an 80% and 20% ownership, respectively. By running a marketing campaign and providing information to cluster members, the JTB acts as a liaison among the different tourism businesses in the cluster value chain to promote the cluster. The GoJ has always been very receptive to foreign investments. Jordan ranks 44 on the Business Impact of FDI ahead of Israel, UAE, Morocco, and Egypt, which rank 48, 49, 74, and, respectively (WEF, 2009). The JTB, in cooperation with the Jordan Investment Board (JIB), initiated the Tourism Investment Map, a regional map of investment opportunities in SMEs across the country in the tourism and hospitality sectors. The GoJ has upgraded the cluster by enforcing standards for tourism vehicle requirements and other criteria for tour operators. The Touristic Specialized Transports Regulation requires that transport companies use technically reliable and state-of-the-art vehicles for their tourism operations. Also, the Ministry of Transport lists other criteria by which tour operators need to abide. The Role of Government The role of government bears mention, as a supportive and efficient bureaucracy is generally considered a key component of successful development of the tourism industry. Jordan scored well (30th overall) on its TT regulatory framework. This was driven primarily by its performance on safety and security (19th) and prioritization of TT strategies (17th). In fact, Jordan scored 7th in overall government expenditure on travel and tourism. The most notable change for the better in recent years is that the government appears to have recognized the importance of tourism as an economic driver and, while it has handled the implementation of its tourism strategies imperfectly, it is at least taking steps in the right direction. Additionally, proposed changes in the regulatory environment should enhance competition in the transport sector (especially in the deregulation of the airline sector), ultimately increasing quality and driving down costs. Despite the positive support offered by the government to the tourism sector, this support is not yet translating into a constructive relationship between the public and private sectors. Over 75% of the industry believes that government bureaucracy is holding back the industry over 80% state that government regulations are a direct obstacle to the industry or serve no clear purpose. When asked if government regulation is getting better, only 19% indicated that it is improving. A few areas in which the government could still play a more productive role include the amount and quality of training delivered to key personnel, especially guides; more attention paid to some of the smaller but still important sites that will ultimately drive the countrys ability to retain tourists for a longer period of time; and a stronger overall promotion effort to communicate Jordans offer and to build the countrys brand. This includes the development of new products, research on new markets and niches, the devotion of more resources to international marketing, and greater focus on high potential markets. A final consideration is to enhance the frequency, quality, and results of public-private dialogue. The JNCT survey revealed that 66% of respondents resolved issues through personal connections (including individual government officials), against only 24% that utilized an industry association or formal public-private dialogue mechanism. Chance: Due to heavy insurgency in the neighboring countries of Jordan like Iraq, Syria and Lebanon the businesses in those countries may set up firms in Jordan that will make Jordan the gateway to Middle East. This may cause rivalry with many local businesses but at the same time will increase competitiveness. This will be also the reason for people who want to tour Middle East region may prefer due to the security. The inflow of refugees from Palestine, Lebanon, Syria will fill the demand gap for low-cost labor for the domestic market that will drive the development growth in the country. Due to Shortage of natural resources like water and fuel, Jordan is focusing on Nuclear Energy to meet it growing domestic demand needs by mining of uranium. Due high Generic drug pricing the need for pharmaceutical raw material and search for cheaper source can be a chance for the increasing the pharmaceutical industry production in Jordan. Jordan Tourism Statistics: Types of Tourism per Area Types of Tourism per Area History Culture Eco Nature Religion Faith Leisure wellness Fun Adventure Amman x x x X As-Salt x x Madaba x x Um Ar-Rasas x x Mount Nebo x x Jordan Valley The Dead Sea x x x x Karak x Petra x x x X Aqaba x x x x X Jerash x x X Ajlun x x Um Al-Jimal x Pella x x UImm Qays x x Shawbak x Desert Umayyad Casteles x Dana x X Wadi Mujib x X Wadi Rum x x X Azraq Shwmari x X Dibeen Forest x Hammat Maà ­n x Mukawir x Anjara x Tall Mar Elias x Total Number of Arrivals and Tourists Total Number of Arrivals and Tourists 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Number of Arrivals 4,677,018 4,599,243 5,586,659 5,817,370 6,712,804 6,528,626 Tourist (Overnight visitors) 2,384,474 2,353,088 2,852,809 2,986,586 3,546,990 3,430,960 Same Day Visitors 2,292,544 2,246,155 2,733,850 2,830,784 3,165,814 3,097,666 Tourism Incom/MJD 743.,2 752.6 943 1,021.6 1,460.8 1,638.9 No. of Package Tours tourists 137,660 145,601 254,145 338,787 278,341 359,625 Average Length of Stay 4 4.4 5 4.5 4.2 4.4 www.jordaninvestment.com:ecruos Total Number of Arrivals and Tourists Total Number of Arrivals and Tourists 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Number of Arrivals 4,677,018 4,599,243 5,586,659 5,817,370 6,712,804 6,528,626 Tourist (Overnight visitors) 2,384,474 2,353,088 2,852,809 2,986,586 3,546,990 3,430,960 Same Day Visitors 2,292,544 2,246,155 2,733,850 2,830,784 3,165,814 3,097,666 Tourism Income/MJD 743.,2 752.6 943 1,021.6 1,460.8 1,638.9 No. of Package Tours tourists 137,660 145,601 254,145 338,787 278,341 359,625 Average Length of Stay 4 4.4 5 4.5 4.2 4.4 www.jordaninvestment.com:ecruoS Recommendations Jordan needs to improve supply-side factors like tourism education, training outputs, and upgrading travel and utilize information technology to reach target market. Tourism sector is labor-intensive, which demands large number of well-trained young population. It means, they should have good senses of service and be relatively well-educated. Although several universities and many intuitions provide hospitality courses and training for people, the teaching qualities are uneven. So enhancing education quality is the key to improve the tourism competitiveness in global market. The Kingdom of Jordan is a distinctive destination which offers diverse, and the year-round tourist experiences can enrich the lives of Jordanians and visitors. It is necessary to improve the overall competitiveness of Jordans tourism industry and enhance the tourist experiences through innovation in product development, better position and promote the tourism offering to global market so that Jordan can attract more foreign customers who have the strong purchasing power and drive better business performance in Jordan. Although the Kingdom receives visitors from countries far away like Brazil, Australia, Korea and Japan, it is necessary to explore new markets throughout the world including China, Russia and other countries to increase the number of visitors. Those visitors from usually prefer to visit more than one destination at a time. Also, it should minimize the seasonal patterns of tourist arrivals to establish Jordan as a unique all-year-around diverse destination. Turkey had witnessed a significant growth in the number of Arab tourists in the past few years,  and it had succeeded in increasing tourism revenues from $12 billion in 2002 to $23 billion in 2011. If Jordan and Turkey have potential cooperation in the tourism sector and develop joint packages for long-haul tourists in near future, it will attract more visitors all over the world. Turkish carriers operate direct flights to these countries, which will help give tourists the option of visiting Jordan in the same trip. Bolstering cooperation between Arab countries and Turkey in tourism could encourage more investment in this sector in Jordan.